Characteristics of Coal Fly Ash and Bottom Ash-based Geopolymers in Unfavorable Environment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5614/Keywords:
coal, concrete, geopolymer, heavy metal, leaching.Abstract
Abstract Coal is considered a heavy polluter, a source of carbon and greenhouse gas emissions, which is a major cause of climate change. However, the energy crisis left European countries with no choice but to restart coal-fired steam power plants (PLTU) to overcome high prices and limited gas supply, which is one of the main energy sources besides NRE. Including China, which is actually one of the leading countries in NRE development, with a total installed capacity of wind and solar plants reaching 581 gigawatts (GW). Along with the concept of green utilization technology, coal ash could utilize as concrete materials. Fly ash and bottom ash can be combined to create geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer concrete making involves a polymerization process occurring between the alkali activators in combination of sodium hydroxide and water glass with Si – Al minerals resulting three - dimensional polymeric chain. In this case, heavy metals are very important to be immobilized to increase the mechanical strength of the geopolymer. The amount of heavy metal added to the geopolymer matrix does affect its compressive strength. Experimental studies were conducted to test the resistance of geopolymer bonds to immobilize of heavy metals on geopolymer concrete. Two types of geopolymer concrete samples were used with fly ash: bottom ash ratio of 9:1 and 1:1 which is then added with NaOH solution. The sample was immersed into a solution of sulfuric acid solution pH 1, sodium hydroxide pH 12, sea water and aquadest. XRD, SEM-EDS, XRF, EDX and compressive strength tests were performed on liquid and solid samples. It was found that the 9:1 concrete composition has higher compressive strength than 1:1. The result of the compressive strength test shows that 41%; 21%; 27% and 10% reduction when it immersed in sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, sea water, aquadest respectively. Prior to the leaching process, the results of XRF analysis showed that the main components in the raw materials for making geopolymers were SiO2 and Al2O3. After leaching, the results of XRF analysis on geopolymer solid samples after 90 days of leaching in all solutions showed that the levels of Si and Al remained constant but decreased compared to the initial levels. This research aims that geopolymer concrete can be utilized as a construction material in unfavorable environment, such as geothermal area, sea and oil rig.
Keywords: coal, concrete, geopolymer, heavy metal, leaching.
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